1.Simple Past Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan tidak ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang.
Ciri penandanya :
Last week, yesterday, last years, ago
Rumus Nominal :
You/They/We+to be (were)
I/He/She/It+to be (was)
-I was here last night
-They were happy last week
Rumus Verbal :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+Verb II
-I went last week
2.Past Continuous Tense
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau.
Rumus :
I/He/She/It+was+VI+ing
We/You/They+were+VI+ing
-I was writing a lesson all day, yesterday
-They were studying math yesterday
3.Past Perfect Tense
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa lalu yang sempurna selesai sebelum perbuatan lain dilakukan.
Rumus Nominal :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+had+been
-He had been at home
Rumus Verbal :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+had+VIII
-I had left before my parents come
4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa lampau yang berlangsung sebelum terjadi peristiwa lain.
Rumus :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+had+been+VI+ing
-When I came from Amsterdam in 1995, she had been living there about 5 years.
Rabu, 24 Februari 2010
Procedure Text
The generic structures of procedure text are
1. Goal/aim (or title)
2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
3. Utensils
4. Steps (the actions that must be taken)
Example of Procedure Text
Goal/aim: "How to Make Orange Tea"
Materials: 1 orange, sweet tea, soda drink (use uncoloured soda), and ice.
Utensils: Jug, knife, spoon, and drinking glass.
Steps:
1. Cut the orange into circle shapes, try to cut it thinly.
2. Put the cut orange and ice into jug.
3. Pour the soda drink into the jug.
4. Add the already prepared sweet tea.
5. Stir the ingredients in the jug well.
6. After pouring the orange tea in a glass, you can decorate the brim of the glass with left over orange pieces.
1. Goal/aim (or title)
2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
3. Utensils
4. Steps (the actions that must be taken)
Example of Procedure Text
Goal/aim: "How to Make Orange Tea"
Materials: 1 orange, sweet tea, soda drink (use uncoloured soda), and ice.
Utensils: Jug, knife, spoon, and drinking glass.
Steps:
1. Cut the orange into circle shapes, try to cut it thinly.
2. Put the cut orange and ice into jug.
3. Pour the soda drink into the jug.
4. Add the already prepared sweet tea.
5. Stir the ingredients in the jug well.
6. After pouring the orange tea in a glass, you can decorate the brim of the glass with left over orange pieces.
Narrative Texts
It is important to know that the social function of the narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. There are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:
Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic tales
Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction
Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story. To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of episodes which holds the reader’ attention while they are reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem
Example of Narrative Text: "The Smartest Parrot"
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”
Analysis the Generic Structure:
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. There are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:
Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic tales
Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction
Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story. To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of episodes which holds the reader’ attention while they are reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem
Example of Narrative Text: "The Smartest Parrot"
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”
Analysis the Generic Structure:
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.
Recount Tetxts
When writing recounts, we should:
1. Focus on individual people
2. Use words which indicate when
3. Where to events took place
4. Use of simple past tense
5. Use action words
6. Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)
7. Use of personal pronoun (I, we)
The generic structures of recount text are:
1. Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
2. Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
3. Re-orientation (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)
Factual Recount
1. Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
2. Event (tell what happened in a chronological order)
Example of recount text
"RA Kartini"
Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is
a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great
lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national
heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.
Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was
RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.
As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more
than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other
children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She
passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very
energetic, her father called her "trinil"
Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.
She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year,
Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara
gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch
owned school where only children from noble family could study here.
Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to
continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a
woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should
be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded
inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The
rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan"
time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her
relatives.
Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she
was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she
read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on
the backyard of Jepara city hall.
In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of
Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow
her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was
Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting
worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years
old.
Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our
heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's
spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang"
from the dusk to the dawn.
1. Focus on individual people
2. Use words which indicate when
3. Where to events took place
4. Use of simple past tense
5. Use action words
6. Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)
7. Use of personal pronoun (I, we)
The generic structures of recount text are:
1. Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
2. Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
3. Re-orientation (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)
Factual Recount
1. Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
2. Event (tell what happened in a chronological order)
Example of recount text
"RA Kartini"
Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is
a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great
lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national
heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.
Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was
RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.
As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more
than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other
children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She
passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very
energetic, her father called her "trinil"
Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.
She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year,
Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara
gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch
owned school where only children from noble family could study here.
Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to
continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a
woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should
be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded
inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The
rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan"
time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her
relatives.
Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she
was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she
read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on
the backyard of Jepara city hall.
In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of
Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow
her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was
Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting
worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years
old.
Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our
heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's
spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang"
from the dusk to the dawn.
Announcement
The definition of announcement
¨Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.”
In writing an announcement, keep the following points
1. The title/type of event,
2. Date/time, place and
3. Contact person
You can hear announcements at an airport or at a train station. They tell important information — for example, which airplanes are arriving or departing, and how to get on these airplanes.
Example of announcement
"AQUARIUS P=OPENING"
DATE:
Tuesday, June 9th, 2000
TIME:
Networking 5:30 pm, Dinner 6:30 pm, Program 7:15 pm
TICKET PRICE:
$20
DESCRIPTION:
Our speaker will be:
Rico Rawkin,
Boss of Aquarius
LOCATION:
Aquarius Hotel
61 I-463 south (at imam bonjol)
323-0987
FOR MORE INFORMATION AND DINNER RESERVATIONS:
Please call the AITP Voice Mail System at 456-1456
Or email us at aqua.rius@itmweb.com
Visitors are always welcome.
RESERVATIONS ARE IMPORTANT.
¨Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.”
In writing an announcement, keep the following points
1. The title/type of event,
2. Date/time, place and
3. Contact person
You can hear announcements at an airport or at a train station. They tell important information — for example, which airplanes are arriving or departing, and how to get on these airplanes.
Example of announcement
"AQUARIUS P=OPENING"
DATE:
Tuesday, June 9th, 2000
TIME:
Networking 5:30 pm, Dinner 6:30 pm, Program 7:15 pm
TICKET PRICE:
$20
DESCRIPTION:
Our speaker will be:
Rico Rawkin,
Boss of Aquarius
LOCATION:
Aquarius Hotel
61 I-463 south (at imam bonjol)
323-0987
FOR MORE INFORMATION AND DINNER RESERVATIONS:
Please call the AITP Voice Mail System at 456-1456
Or email us at aqua.rius@itmweb.com
Visitors are always welcome.
RESERVATIONS ARE IMPORTANT.
Giving Instruction
The definition of Giving Instruction
Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
The different between instructions and request
Instructions (also called imperatives). Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually "you" (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the "naming" form - the vocative is used.
Requests are often questions, though indirect requests may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of "please" or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English requests are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability ("can", "may" etc) are very often used.
Giving Instruction divisible consist instruct that is
Order, prohibition.
Order (verb I + object)
◈ Close the door, please
◈ Read this book!
◈ Stop crying William!
Prohibition (don’t + verb I + object)
◈ Don’t open the door
◈ Don’t cut this paper
◈ Don’t come here
Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
The different between instructions and request
Instructions (also called imperatives). Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually "you" (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the "naming" form - the vocative is used.
Requests are often questions, though indirect requests may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of "please" or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English requests are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability ("can", "may" etc) are very often used.
Giving Instruction divisible consist instruct that is
Order, prohibition.
Order (verb I + object)
◈ Close the door, please
◈ Read this book!
◈ Stop crying William!
Prohibition (don’t + verb I + object)
◈ Don’t open the door
◈ Don’t cut this paper
◈ Don’t come here
Kamis, 14 Januari 2010
SYMPATHY EXPRESSION
The definition of Sympathy Expression
An expression of feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people in unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.
Several expression of sympathy
The example
rick : oh.. my hand has been cut by your knife from you
Ria : sorry rick… I’m sorry about that… I’m really not designedly do it.
Frant : please carry me now to hospital!
An expression of feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people in unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.
Several expression of sympathy
- Poor you
- Oh no!
- How awful
- How terrible
- Oh dear
- I’d like to expression my deepest condolence
- I’m really sorry to hear that
- What a nuisance
- That must have been awful
The example
rick : oh.. my hand has been cut by your knife from you
Ria : sorry rick… I’m sorry about that… I’m really not designedly do it.
Frant : please carry me now to hospital!
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